Ethnic Identity, Resource Competition, and Conflict Resolution: A Study of Farmers-Herders Clashes in Selected Conflict Areas in Ogun State, Nigeria

This study investigates the interplay between ethnic identity, resource competition, and conflict resolution in farmers–herders clashes in selected conflict-prone areas of Ogun State, Nigeria. Specifically, it examines the influence of ethnic identity on conflict occurrence and escalation, assesses the role of competition over land and water resources in sustaining conflicts, and evaluates the effectiveness of existing conflict resolution mechanisms. Employing a mixed-methods design, the study combined quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews and focus group discussions to capture both measurable patterns and community perceptions. The research was conducted in Yewa North, Yewa South, Imeko-Afon, Ado-Odo/Ota, and Ifo LGAs, involving farmers, herders, community leaders, policymakers, security personnel, and civil society actors. A total of 370 questionnaires were administered, with 295 valid responses analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including correlation and regression, while qualitative data were examined through thematic analysis. Findings reveal that ethnic identity and competition over land and water resources significantly increase the likelihood and persistence of farmers–herders’ conflicts, while effective conflict resolution mechanisms significantly reduce conflict escalation. The study highlights that clashes are not solely driven by resource scarcity but are deeply rooted in ethnic affiliations and perceptions. The findings underscore the need for holistic interventions integrating ethnic sensitivity, equitable resource management, and structured conflict resolution strategies. Policy recommendations include promoting inter-ethnic dialogue, enforcing land-use and grazing policies, strengthening community-based mediation, and implementing proactive security measures to foster peaceful coexistence and long-term stability in Ogun State.