The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM): Conceptual Foundations, Comparative Insights, and Practical Applications for Inclusive Land Governance

The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) represents a major shift toward inclusive and fit-for-purpose land administration systems capable of addressing complex tenure realities in developing countries. Conventional land administration approaches have historically focused on legally registered ownership and surveyed parcels, excluding large populations living under informal, customary, and communal tenure arrangements. This paper presents a comprehensive synthesis of the conceptual foundations, methodological approaches, and practical applications of STDM, drawing on recent implementations across Africa and Asia. Using a qualitative literature review and comparative case analysis, the study examines how STDM operationalizes the continuum of land rights, supports participatory mapping, and enhances tenure security without requiring immediate formal titling. The paper further explores institutional, legal, and technical challenges affecting STDM adoption, including issues of legal recognition, data sustainability, and integration with formal land information systems. The findings demonstrate that STDM provides a viable pathway toward inclusive land governance when aligned with fit-for-purpose land administration principles and embedded within supportive policy and institutional frameworks.