A Review on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder caused by the abnormal reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus, resulting in symptoms and potential mucosal injury. Its pathogenesis involves lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction, impaired esophageal clearance, delayed gastric emptying, and exposure to acidic and nonacidic refluxate. GERD presents as erosive or non-erosive disease, with varying risks of complications such as Barrett’s esophagus. Management includes lifestyle modifications and pharmacological therapy, with proton pump inhibitors as firstline agents. Emerging therapies, including potassium-competitive acid blockers, offer alternative approaches. This review highlights the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and current treatment strategies for GERD.