A Comprehensive Review on Male Sexual Dysfunction: Current Understanding and Management

Sexual dysfunction (SD) encompasses a broad range of disturbances in sexual behavior, response, and sensation, characterized by abnormalities or absence of psychological and physiological sexual reactions. Common manifestations include erectile dysfunction (ED), impaired sexual performance, and reduced libido. Epidemiological data indicate that approximately 52% of men aged 40–70 experience some degree of SD. Male reproductive physiology is highly sensitive to numerous biological, psychological, and environmental factors, including chronic diseases, lifestyle habits, toxic exposures, and stress. Although substantial progress has been made in recent years in understanding the physiology underlying male sexual function and the mechanisms associated with various forms of SD, the precise etiology remains incompletely understood. Moreover, therapeutic options addressing the physiological basis of these disorders are still limited. This review synthesizes recent findings from clinical and experimental studies related to the physiology of male sexual function, highlights the pathogenic and risk factors contributing to SD, and outlines classical and emerging management strategies. The insights from current literature provide a systematic understanding of the physiological mechanisms involved and may support more effective prevention and treatment approaches for male sexual dysfunction.