Critical Review of Analytical Estimation Methods for Metformin Hydrochloride, Dapagliflozin Propanediol Monohydrate, and Glimepiride

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Persistent hyperglycemia in diabetes leads to disturbances in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. It is mainly classified into type I and type II DM. Type I Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is primarily managed through insulin replacement therapy, as pancreatic β-cell destruction results in absolute insulin deficiency. In contrast, Type II DM is typically treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents and, when necessary, insulin therapy. Combination therapy is often employed to achieve optimal glycaemic control and minimize complications. Globally, Diabetes Mellitus represents a major public health challenge, with an estimated 589 million adults projected to be affected by 2025, reflecting the increasing prevalence linked to sedentary lifestyles, obesity, and aging populations.