Comparative Study of Risk Factors for Communicable a Non-Communicable Diseases in Mozambique and China

Background: Globally High- and Low-income countries are suffering from double burden of diseases i.e. both communicable and non-communicable diseases. Currently, Global health is affected epidemiological landscape. This research compares the risk factor profiles for communicable diseases (CDs) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Mozambique and China, representing two distinct stages of epidemiological transition. The causes behind these epidemiological transitions are different but risk factors plays vital role for its occurrence.  Methods: A comparative descriptive analysis was conducted by using health surveillance data, national health surveys and WHO Global Health Estimates data of 2024–2026. The study focused on environmental, behavioral, and metabolic risk factors across both nations.  Objective: This comparative analysis aims to examine the burden, risk factors, and healthcare systems for NCDs in Mozambique and China, highlighting similarities and differences. Methods: A comprehensive review of existing literature and data on NCDs in Mozambique and China was conducted. The analysis focused on the prevalence, incidence, and mortality rates of NCDs, risk factors, healthcare systems, and response to NCDs.  Results: The findings reveal a stark contrast in disease drivers. In Mozambique, a "double burden" persists; CDs (Malaria, Cholera, and HIV/AIDS) remain critical due to environmental vulnerabilities, poor WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene). Concurrently, urban NCD clusters are emerging, driven by rapid urbanization. In China, the transition is nearly complete, with NCDs accounting for over 90% of mortality. Primary risk factors include an aging population, high sodium intake, and physical inactivity, which fuel a high prevalence of hypertension and Type 2 diabetes. Make comparison with fact data like in percentage between two countries, like percentage of contribution of salt to raise hypertension.  Conclusion: The study concludes that Mozambique requires a diagonal health strategy addressing infectious diseases outbreaks while building primary care capacity for NCDs. For China, the priority is preventive policy reform to address the social determinants of physical inactivity and salt consumption. The findings suggest that the "double burden" in Mozambique may soon become more economically taxing than the NCD burden in China due to the lack of specialized infrastructure.