Leveraging E-Commerce for Development: A Critical Review of Opportunities, Barriers and Strategies in Emerging Economies

E-Commerce has emerged as a transformative force in global trade, offering significant opportunities for economic growth in developing nations. This review critically synthesizes findings from 32 peer-reviewed studies and reports (2000–2023) to explore the benefits, challenges, and strategies for E-Commerce adoption in these regions. Using the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework, the paper analyzes infrastructural limitations, regulatory gaps, socio-cultural barriers, and the role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The paper highlights the importance of tailored policies, technological innovations, and international collaboration to bridge the digital divide, while also addressing gender disparities and environmental impacts. Case studies from Nigeria, Indonesia, Egypt, and other regions illustrate both the potential and pitfalls of E-Commerce in developing contexts. The review concludes with actionable, stakeholder-specific recommendations for policymakers, businesses, and international organizations to foster inclusive and sustainable E-Commerce growth.