Biotechnology and Modern Clinical Medicine: A Multidisciplinary Narrative Review Integrating Artificial Intelligence and Aging Research

Background: The definition of biotechnology is undergoing rapid transformation in the 21st century. While traditionally confined to laboratory sciences and pharmaceutical development, biotechnology now extends into artificial intelligence, financial markets, and geopolitical strategy. This expansion creates conceptual confusion across clinical, research, and policy domains, particularly regarding the distinction between biosciences (the study of living organisms) and biotechnology (the application of living systems to solve problems). Purpose: This narrative review clarifies the evolving scope of biotechnology and addresses knowledge gaps affecting clinicians, researchers, and policymakers. We integrate perspectives from clinical medicine, business strategy, and emerging technologies to provide a multidisciplinary foundation for understanding biotechnology's role in modern healthcare. Methods: We synthesized recent data from the Stanford Emerging Technology Review (2025), National Science Foundation reports, National Academies publications, the US Director of National Intelligence Global Trends 2040 report, and multi-omics research indexed in PubMed (2015–2025). We analyzed biotechnology through clinical, economic, technological, and geopolitical lenses. Key Findings: Four interconnected domains emerge: (1) convergence of artificial intelligence and biological systems in drug discovery; (2) multi-omics approaches enabling precision medicine and longevity interventions; (3) bioeconomic forces and geopolitical competition shaping innovation access; and (4) implications for clinical training and patient care. Conclusions: Healthcare systems and clinicians cannot remain isolated from biotechnology's transformation. Understanding these multidisciplinary connections is essential for physicians navigating precision medicine, translational research, and evidence-based innovation.