Extremely Luminous Optical Afterglow of an Energetic Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 230204B

Abstract Robotic telescope networks play an important role in capturing early and bright optical afterglows, providing critical insights into the energetics and emission mechanisms of GRBs. In this study, we analyze GRB 230204B, an exceptionally energetic and multipulsed long GRB, detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor and MAXI detectors, with an isotropic equivalent gamma-ray energy exceeding 10 54 erg. Time-resolved spectral analysis reveals a transition in the prompt emission from hard (sub-photospheric-dominated) spectra during early pulses to softer (synchrotron-radiation-dominated) spectra in later pulses, indicative of a hybrid jet composition. We report the discovery and characterization of the optical afterglow using the Mobile Astronomical System of Telescope-Robots (MASTER) and Burst Observer and Optical Transient Exploring System (BOOTES) robotic telescope networks, which enabled rapid follow-up observations starting at ∼1.3 ks post-burst. The optical luminosity at this time was exceptionally high, surpassing that of many other optically bright GRBs, such as GRB 990123 and GRB 080319B. This places the burst among the most luminous optical GRBs observed to date. Long-term radio observations extending to 335 days post-burst were conducted with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Multiwavelength modeling, incorporating data from MASTER, BOOTES, Devasthal Optical Telescope, Swift/XRT, and radio observations, was conducted using an external interstellar medium (ISM) forward-shock top-hat jet model with afterglowpy . The results reveal a narrow and highly collimated jet with a circumburst density of n 0 ∼ 28.12 cm −3 , kinetic energy E K ∼ 4.18 × 10 55 erg, and a relatively low value of ϵ B = 2.14 × 10 −6 , indicating shock-compression of the magnetic field in the surrounding ISM. We constrained a low radiative efficiency of ∼4.3%. This study highlights the indispensable contribution of robotic networks to early afterglow observations and advances our understanding of GRB 230204B unique characteristics and underlying jet physics.