Cosmic-ray Magnetohydrodynamics: A New Two-moment Framework with Numerical Implementation

Abstract Cosmic rays (CRs) play a pivotal role in various astrophysical systems, delivering feedback over a broad range of scales. However, modeling CR transport remains challenging due to its inherently multiscale nature and complex microphysics. Recent advances in two-moment CR hydrodynamics have alleviated some of these challenges, improving our understanding of CR feedback. Yet, current two-moment methods may not be able to directly incorporate all relevant CR transport processes, while the outcome of CR feedback sensitively depends on these underlying microphysics. Furthermore, numerical challenges persist, including instabilities from streaming terms and ambiguities in the solver design for coupled CR–MHD systems. In this work, we develop a two-moment description for CR hydrodynamics from first principles. Beyond canonical CR streaming, our formulation accounts for CR pressure anisotropy and Alfvén waves propagating in both directions along the magnetic field, providing a general framework to incorporate more CR transport physics. We implement this framework as a new CR fluid module in the Athena ++ code, and validate it through a suite of benchmark tests. In particular, we derive the full dispersion relation of the two-moment CR–MHD system, identifying the CR-acoustic instability as well as other wave branches. These CR–MHD waves serve as rigorous benchmarks and also enable the use of realistic signal speeds in our Riemann solver. We propose a time step guideline to mitigate numerical instabilities arising from streaming source terms.