Probing Heavily Obscured Active Galactic Nuclei in Major Galaxy Mergers Using the Millimeter–X-Ray Correlation

Abstract The study of heavily obscured supermassive black hole (SMBH) growth in late-stage galaxy mergers is challenging: column densities N H > 10 24 cm −2 can block most nuclear emission, leaving significant gaps in the SMBH growth census. Millimeter-wave continuum emission offers a potential window into this obscured phase, as it can trace active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity through mechanisms less affected by dust extinction. In this work, we test whether the observed correlation between millimeter (∼200 GHz) and hard X-ray (14–150 keV) luminosities can be used to plausibly identify hidden AGN in local ultraluminous infrared galaxies, including systems hosting confirmed dual AGN. We identify three sources—one confirmed AGN and two strong candidates—presenting significant evidence of AGN activity. The confirmed dual AGN lie within ∼3 σ of the millimeter–X-ray correlation, suggesting this relation can be used to identify hidden pairs. By combining the position of each source relative to this correlation with independent star formation rate constraints, we propose a method to disentangle AGN and star formation contributions for sources with measured column densities. While our analysis is based on a small, heterogeneous local sample and relies on empirical scaling relations, these results indicate that millimeter continuum emission may provide a useful complementary diagnostic for obscured SMBH growth. Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations at high angular resolutions are particularly valuable for this approach, while future facilities such as the ngVLA will be essential to test its robustness in larger and more distant samples.