Circular RNAs in intervertebral disc degeneration: Current insights into mechanisms and therapeutic potentials (Review)

Low back pain (LBP) is a leading cause of productivity loss worldwide and a major contributor to disability, imposing an economic burden on society. Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) as a principal pathological driver of LBP remains a formidable therapeutic challenge, given that existing conservative and surgical interventions frequently fall short of achieving long‑term efficacy or halting disease progression. Advancements in molecular biology have revealed that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a pivotal role in the intricate gene regulatory networks governing IVDD. The most extensively studied function of circRNAs is their ability to act as microRNA sponges. In addition, they participate in protein interactions, regulate gene transcription and serve as templates for protein translation. The present review provided a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of circRNA characteristics and functions, elucidated their involvement in IVDD pathogenesis and examined the therapeutic potential of emerging biomaterials for IVDD treatment. By consolidating existing research, the aim of this review was to offer theoretical foundations for innovative therapeutic strategies targeting IVDD.