Nationalism, paramilitarism, and radicalization: a sociological examination of BMU ‘Vasil Levski’ and the BNM ‘Shipka’

This paper investigates the rise of right-wing radicalization in Bulgaria, focusing on two influential nationalist organizations: the Bulgarian Military Union ‘Vasil Levski’ and the ‘Shipka’ Bulgarian National Movement. Both groups, rooted in historical symbolism and ultra-nationalism, advocate for the protection of Bulgaria’s sovereignty and traditional values, often through paramilitary activities and anti-establishment rhetoric. Utilizing sociological frameworks such as socialization, resource networking, and convergent settings, this study explores how these organizations leverage historical figures like ‘Vasil Levski’ and the symbolism of ‘Shipka’ Pass to radicalize disenfranchised individuals and promote their nationalist agendas. Through a combination of qualitative open-source analysis and a case study design, the paper examines how socio-economic deprivation, anti-globalization sentiment, and perceived threats from minority groups contribute to the organizations’ appeal. By situating the Bulgarian case within the broader context of rising right-wing extremism in Europe, this paper seeks to contribute to the growing body of research on the role of paramilitary movements in contemporary radicalization. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these organizations for national security and provides recommendations for countering radicalization through community engagement and policy reform.