Species composition and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms present in the maxillary sinus and other biotopes during the sinus lift procedure

Introduction : Lateral sinus lift is a common procedure in the field of dentistry, employed for the purpose of preparing the maxilla for subsequent dental implantation. This procedure is associated with a significant risk of intra- and postoperative complications, largely attributable to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms within the oral cavity and maxillary sinus. Aim : The aim of the present study was to determine the species composition of the microorganisms (pathogenic and opportunistic) in four biotopes in the maxillofacial region (Schneiderian membrane, pharynx, nasal passage, and oral mucosa) during a planned sinus lift and detect their sensitivity to antibiotics. Materials and methods : Biological material (swabs) was examined bacteriologically by cultivating it on standard and differential diagnostic nutritional media; antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated strains was assessed using the disk diffusion method. Results : The ambiguous picture of microorganism persistence in the various biotopes of the maxillofacial region was identified. , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Candida were detected in clinically significant amounts in the maxillary sinuses of healthy patients. Ceftriaxone and cefoperazone/sulbactam were the most effective antibiotics against microorganisms isolated in clinically significant concentrations across all biotopes. Cefuroxime was effective against 75% of all bacteria tested. Gatifloxacin was effective, with no cases of resistance reported. The fungi in the maxillary sinus mucoperiosteum were sensitive to fluconazole, ketoconazole, and clotrimazole, but only moderately sensitive to itraconazole and nystatin. Conclusion : The findings suggest that patients undergoing sinus lift surgery may have fewer options for prophylactic antibacterial therapy. Bacteriological studies on oral and nasal mucosa do not predict the presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the maxillary sinus.