Innovation in Assessing Property-Level Flood Risk Adaptation Measures: Insights from A Coupled Hydraulic-Economic Model at the Building Scale

In the context of climate change, adapting to flooding demands technical, organisational, and institutional innovation, yet tools for assessing vulnerabilities and validating flood risk adaptation measures at the property level (PLFRA) are scarce. This article reviews recent advances and introduces floodam.building, an innovative process‑based 3D model that merges hydraulic and economic modules with a risk (danger) index. The model evaluates the effectiveness of flood‑risk adaptations in real buildings, allows cost‑benefit and efficiency analyses when installation costs are known, and can estimate the dangerousness of routes to shelters and the time available to reach them. A case study and experimental design illustrate the methodology’s potential; results confirm that the tool can play a cross‑cutting role in systemic, responsible innovation for integrated flood‑risk management. JEL codes: Q54, C63, C80, D81