The impacts of tourism on shifting mountain climbing ritual tradition in geopark Rinjani, Indonesia

This article aims to explore the tourism influence on the transformation of mountain climbing rituals. This study is a phenomenography centered on a mountain climbing ritual procession conducted by a guide named Mangku. Twenty participants, including Mangku, community leaders, mountain climbing guides, and local community, were interviewed, and their results were corroborated through the research of documentary materials and pertinent literature. Thematic data from Braun & Clark Framework were utilized to ascertain the tourism influence on spiritual value shifts, mountain climbing, and community engagement. It indicates that tourism diminishes the spiritual significance of indigenous mountain climbing rituals and reduces the societal role of the Mangku. The study advocates rules for preserving traditions, cultural education to uphold spiritual values, and sustainable environmental conservation.