The Site Selection Process in Germany: Current Status and Requirements for Site Characterization

Summary Germany’s site selection process for a high-level radioactive waste repository is a science-based, transparent, and participatory procedure that considers three host rock types: rock salt, claystone, and crystalline rock. This contribution presents the current status of the procedure and discussions on the overall timeline, focusing on requirements and approaches for exploration of the siting regions. The process is structured into three phases: (I) identification of siting regions, (II) surface exploration, and (III) underground exploration. In Phase I, the implementer BGE identified sub-areas potentially suitable for a repository, covering approximately 54% of Germany. These areas are currently being further narrowed down using representative preliminary safety analyses, with a proposal for the siting regions expected by the end of 2027. While this milestone appears achievable, recent analyses indicate that the subsequent phases could extend the overall timeline significantly. Studies considering regulatory procedures, exploration needs, and public participation suggest that a final site decision may not be reached before the 2070s, far beyond the original target of 2031. The paper discusses resulting challenges and potential acceleration measures, including limiting the number of siting regions, adopting alternative exploration concepts, and revising the legal framework.