Anti-Gingivitis and Anti-Osteoclastogenesis Effects of Ethanol Extract from Hippophae rhamnoides L. Fruits in IL-1β-Induced Human Gingival Fibroblasts and RANKL-Induced RAW 264.7 Macrophages

, COX-2, and inflammatory cytokine levels. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that the anti-gingivitis effects of DKB140 were mediated through the NF-κB/MAPK/NLRP3 signaling pathway. These findings were confirmed using an NLRP3 inhibitor. Moreover, DKB140 reduced the expression of collagenases (MMP-1 and MMP-13), gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and stromelysins (MMP-3 and MMP-10) in hGF-1s. Furthermore, DKB140 decreased the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), dendritic cell-specific transmembrane protein (DCstamp), and cathepsin K (CTSK), which are responsible for osteoclast differentiation in receptor of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-stimulated osteoclasts. These findings suggest that DKB140 can function as a dual-functional agent with anti-gingival and anti-periodontal properties.