Epigenetic Modulation by Gut Microbiota Metabolites

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in maintaining human health. Composed of billions of microorganisms interacting with the digestive system, it is increasingly recognized for influencing pathophysiological processes beyond the digestive tract, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases. Secondary metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids, polyphenols, and bile acids can modulate epigenetic processes in the brain. These epigenetic changes, including activating or inhibiting genes involved in inflammation, neuroprotection, and neuronal repair, may offer new therapeutic perspectives for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Therefore, optimizing the gut microbiota and understanding these interactions provide promising avenues for innovative therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how microbial metabolites exert epigenetic effects and their potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases. It also includes references for further exploration of this exciting field.