Iraq

This case analyzes the evolution and current dynamics of China–Iraq relations, arguing that they form a comprehensive but asymmetric partnership centered on oil-for-reconstruction and embedded in the Belt and Road Initiative. It traces how Iraq's post-conflict reconstruction needs and oil dependence intersect with China's search for energy security, markets, and regional influence, producing deep cooperation in hydrocarbons, power generation, transport, housing, water infrastructure, and limited renewables. The study also assesses growing yet secondary cooperation in finance, education, media, and cultural exchange, and highlights structural obstacles—security risks, governance weaknesses, trade imbalance, environmental degradation, and limited people-to-people ties—that jeopardize long-term sustainability. It concludes that China–Iraq cooperation exemplifies Beijing's wider economic statecraft in fragile states while risking a lock-in of Iraqi dependence unless the model is diversified and made greener and more inclusive.