Semiconductor-Based Sensors for Environmental Monitoring, Pollutant Detection, and Water Resource Optimization

This chapter examines the pivotal role of semiconductor-based sensors in environmental monitoring, pollutant detection, and water resource optimization. Utilizing advanced materials such as metal oxides, graphene, and perovskites, these sensors provide high sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time data acquisition. Their integration with emerging technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud computing enhances predictive capabilities and responsiveness to environmental threats. The chapter explores sensor classifications, fabrication techniques, and performance metrics, along with real-world applications in air, water, and soil monitoring. Case studies highlight successful deployments in both urban and rural contexts, underscoring their potential in smart cities and sustainable development. Future directions include self-powered systems, flexible sensors, quantum-enhanced sensing, and blockchain-secured data integrity. Together, these innovations position semiconductor sensors as essential tools for global environmental resilience.