Semiconductor-Based Sensors for Environmental Monitoring, Pollutant Detection, and Water Resource Optimization

This chapter explores the integration of semiconductor-based sensors, artificial intelligence (AI), and energy-efficient technologies to address critical environmental challenges such as pollution, water scarcity, and climate change. Semiconductor sensors—leveraging materials like metal oxides and nanocomposites—enable high-sensitivity detection of pollutants, temperature, humidity, and radiation across air, water, and soil systems. The chapter highlights advances in sensor fabrication, deployment, and system integration, including AI-driven data processing, predictive analytics, and edge computing for real-time decision-making. It further examines case studies in smart cities, agriculture, and water monitoring, showcasing how these technologies drive sustainable development and policy responsiveness. By combining miniaturization, low power consumption, and intelligent analytics, semiconductor sensor networks represent a transformative approach to building resilient, adaptive, and sustainable environmental monitoring infrastructures.