Analyzing Socioeconomic Determinants of Teleworking in Spain

This work analyzes the socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence access to teleworking and individuals' perceptions of this work modality in Spain, as well as their evolution between 2021 and 2024. Using recent survey data, the study examines the role of education level, type of employment, age, household composition, and household income in shaping the likelihood of engaging in telework. The results show that higher levels of education and income, together with specific occupational categories, significantly increase the probability of teleworking, reinforcing preexisting labor market inequalities. Despite these structural disparities, perceptions of teleworking remain largely positive across all population groups. The analysis also reveals that access to telework is strongly conditioned by the intrinsic characteristics of occupations, particularly the degree of physical presence or social interaction required. Overall, the findings highlight the persistence of structural barriers in the digital transformation of work and call for policy action nationwide implementation.