Polyphenols Against Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction

Neurodegeneration is driven by complex interplay of oxidative stress, chronic neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. These interconnected mechanisms not only exacerbate neuronal damage but also challenge the effectiveness of single-target therapies. Polyphenols, naturally occurring compounds, have significant multi-target therapeutic potential to modulate these pathological mechanisms. This chapter gives a comprehensive overview of the therapeutic potentials of polyphenols against neuroprotection. It highlights how polyphenols counteract neuroinflammation by focusing on their roles in limiting glial activation and downregulating pro-inflammatory molecules and enzymes via targeting multiple associated pathways. In addition, polyphenols increase mitochondrial integrity by reducing reactive oxygen species, preserving membrane potential, and promoting biogenesis. By targeting various neurodegenerative hallmarks, polyphenols signify the compelling strategies for disease modification, paving the way for innovative therapeutic interventions in neurodegenerative disorders.