Thinking Through the Algorithm

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping language education, moving the focus beyond surface-level accuracy toward communicative competence. While large language models provide fluent and immediate support, their outputs often lack pragmatic nuance, relational sensitivity, and cultural appropriateness. This chapter argues for a shift from AI-assisted to AI-mediated language production, where learners negotiate and co-construct meaning with AI. It introduces the concept of thinking through the algorithm, a framework that integrates AI's capacities, learner cognition and agency, and communicative effectiveness. Evidence from beginner-level Mandarin learners shows how agency enables adaptation of AI outputs to meet communicative goals. The framework offers broader relevance for rethinking pedagogy, highlighting the need to embed AI literacy and critical cultural competence to prepare learners for effective engagement with AI.