Nanobiosensors for Early and Accurate Detection of Plant Viruses

Plant viruses significantly constrain global agriculture by reducing crop yield and quality, with no direct chemical control options available. Conventional detection methods, including ELISA, RT-PCR, and next-generation sequencing, are limited by low sensitivity, infrastructure requirements, and inability to detect novel viral strains. Nanobiosensors integrating nanomaterials such as gold nanoparticles, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots with antibodies, aptamers, nucleic acid probes, or CRISPR systems offer rapid, ultra-sensitive, and portable diagnostics. These platforms enable early detection, multiplexing, and field deployment, and their integration with smartphone-based readouts and IoT applications promises real-time surveillance and precision agriculture. By bridging laboratory assays and field-ready tools, nanobiosensors hold transformative potential for sustainable crop protection and food security.