Phytotoxicity and Environmental Impact of Nanoparticles in Agriculture

This chapter examines the dual role of nanotechnology in agriculture, highlighting its potential to enhance crop productivity, nutrient efficiency, and pest control, alongside risks of phytotoxicity and ecological disruption. It discusses how engineered nanoparticles—metal, metal oxide, and carbon-based—enable targeted delivery and controlled release of agrochemicals, while factors such as size, surface chemistry, and concentration influence toxicity. The chapter also explores environmental effects on soil microbes, nutrient cycling, and bioaccumulation, proposing safer approaches like green synthesis, biodegradable carriers, and functionalized nanoparticles to ensure sustainable and responsible agricultural use.