Phytochemical and Pharmacology Effect of Piper betle L.

Piper betle L. is widely recognized for its diverse medicinal properties, including antimicrobial activity, therapeutic efficacy in dermatological disorders, analgesic effects, and its beneficial role in managing respiratory disorders. The plant contains a variety of bioactive chemical constituents, such as hydroxychavicol, chavibetol, chavibetol acetate, caryophyllene, allyl pyrocatechol diacetate, camphene, chavibetol methyl ether, eugenol, α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, sabinene, 1,8-cineol, and allyl pyrocatechol monoacetate. These compounds exhibit notable pharmacological activities, contributing to the potential as stimulants with properties such as antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, gastroprotective, and antidiabetic activities. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the phytochemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Piper betle L., with particular emphasis on its antimicrobial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and anti-gout potential.