Bone Regeneration Strategies

In orthopedic and neurosurgical research, bone regeneration has become a growing area of research as a result of continued innovation in stem cell–enhanced scaffolding and bioprinting technologies in recent years. Bone has the ability to regenerate naturally, however, large defects from trauma, tumors, or musculoskeletal disease continue to pose clinical challenges. We present multiple strategies for bone tissue engineering with a focus on the roles of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), bioinks, and scaffold-based regenerative methods. Newer innovations in 3D bioprinting approaches have allowed for development of biomimetic scaffolds with cellular differentiation, vascularization, and structural properties. Emphasis is placed on the implications of synthetic polymers, bioactive molecules, and exogenous signals on enhancing osteogenic potential and scaffold capabilities. Finally, artificial intelligence has made its way into imaging and scaffold and regenerative design, creating an opportunity to rethink scaffold approach and maximize the potential outcomes of bone repair.