Real-Time Environmental Risk Management and Safety Monitoring System for Modular Construction

Modular integrated construction (MiC) offers faster, safer, and more sustainable building, but on-site environmental factors can reduce connection quality and productivity. This study presents a real-time risk management system using IoT sensors; thermometers, hygrometers, and anemometers; networked via MQTT to a central dashboard. The system continuously monitors temperature, humidity, and wind speed, comparing data to activity-specific thresholds for key MiC tasks. Risks are classified into three levels, triggering instant alerts and recommendations from “proceed with caution” to “stop work.” Simulations confirm reliable detection of hazards like high humidity, extreme temperatures, and unsafe winds. With AI helmet detection, the system reached 80% safety compliance, reducing misalignments and rework. This framework effectively mitigates environmental impacts, and future predictive analytics could further enhance proactive management.