Design and Performance Evaluation of HVAC Systems with Thermal Load and Duct Sizing Considerations Theater Buildings

Climate change and rising global temperatures—up to 1.17°C over the past two decades—have intensified the need for energy-efficient building systems. The building sector contributes approximately 25% of global energy use and CO₂ emissions, with HVAC systems alone accounting for nearly 50% of a building’s total energy consumption. Despite this, limited research addresses HVAC performance optimization specific to high-occupancy spaces like theater buildings, which face unique thermal and airflow challenges. This study aims to design and evaluate a high-performance HVAC system for a theater building by analyzing thermal loads and optimizing duct sizing to enhance energy efficiency and occupant comfort. Using Panasonic’s simulation software, we conducted a comprehensive thermal load analysis across four zones of a theater facility. The results revealed peak cooling loads at 18:00 WIB, with Zone A requiring 66,882 W, Zone B 56,376 W, Zone C 62,492 W, and Zone D 34,291 W. The system was designed to maintain indoor conditions at 22°C and 65% relative humidity, with an airflow supply temperature of 12.8°C. The largest duct sizing was determined to be 90×60 in (equivalent to 79.8 in in diameter) in Zone A. The findings offer actionable insights for HVAC system design in large enclosed public spaces. By integrating detailed thermal load assessment and duct optimization, this study contributes to the development of more sustainable and energy-efficient building practices, supporting broader green building initiatives.