Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Investigation of Nd and Ce Crossover in Cast EZ43 Magnesium Alloy Enriched Using Rare Elements

This study focuses on the development of magnesium-zinc (Mg-Zn) matrix alloys enriched with rare earth elements (RE), aiming to evaluate both their structural characteristics and in vitro biological responses. The designed alloys incorporated varying amounts of Zn, Nd, Ce, Gd, Zr, and Ca. Two specific EZ43 alloy compositions were synthesized using an induction-heated furnace under a protective gas atmosphere, differing in their Nd-to-Ce weight ratios (1:2 and 2:1). Following casting, the alloys were homogenized at 400 °C for 24 hours to eliminate dendritic structures and minimize elemental segregation. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was employed to assess the chemical compositions, while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided detailed insight into microstructural features and potential intermetallic phases. Biocompatibility was evaluated through cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests, conducted in accordance with internationally recognized standards to ensure reliability. Results indicated no genotoxic effects and demonstrated high cell viability up to 142% particularly in Nd-enriched samples. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in biological behavior between the Nd-rich and Ce-rich alloys, with Nd contributing positively to cellular responses. These findings emphasize the importance of RE composition in influencing biocompatibility and suggest that Nd-enriched Mg-Zn alloys hold strong promise for biomedical applications requiring both structural integrity and favorable biological interaction.