Application of Tunnel Seismic Prediction (TSP) in the Geologically Sensitive Eastern Himalayas

Tunnel Seismic Prediction (TSP) has emerged as a vital technique in modern tunneling, offering a proactive approach to detect geological irregularities ahead of the excavation face. This research discovers the application ,effect and co-relation of TSP (Tunnel Seismic Prediction) in the Sivok–Rangpo New Broad Gauge Rail Link Project, located in the geologically sensitive Eastern Himalayas, where it is quite common for uncertainty like, encountering shear zones, fractured rock, and water-bearing strata are high. The study aimed to evaluate TSP's reliability in predicting hazardous ground conditions and guiding safe excavation practices. The methodology involved using 24 controlled explosive charges and tri-axial geophone sensors to capture seismic reflections, which were processed using the Amberg TSP Ease software to generate 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional geological models. Key parameters such as P-wave velocity (V P ), S-wave velocity (Vs), Poisson’s ratio, and Dynamic Young’s modulus were analyzed to interpret rock mass quality. Results revealed that zones with V P < 2500 m/s and Young’s modulus < 15 GPa were indicative of weak or saturated ground, later confirmed during excavation. TSP predictions facilitated timely reinforcement measures like short round lengths, temporary inverts, and drainage holes. The findings underscore TSP’s critical role in improving tunnel safety and efficiency and highlight its potential for integration with AI-driven predictive tools in future infrastructure projects