The Effects of Acid Concentration, Temperature, and Time on the Acid Hydrolysis of Mango (Mangifera Indica) Seed Husk to Produce 5-HMF

The rising demand for fossil-derived feedstocks for plastics production poses a critical sustainability challenge. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) has emerged as a key platform chemical and a promising precursor to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), which is used in the production of bio-based plastics. This study investigated the effects of acid concentration (1% and 5% w/w H₂SO₄), temperature (120°C, 140°C, and 160°C), and time (10–90 minutes) on the acid hydrolysis of mango seed husk for 5-HMF production. Results show that increasing acid concentration, reaction time, and temperature positively influence 5-HMF yields, with a maximum concentration of 0.00166 mmol/100 mL obtained under 5% acid at 140°C for 50 minutes. Kinetic and thermodynamic data of 5-HMF production and decomposition were also determined, providing insights into optimizing process conditions for efficient conversion of lignocellulosic biomass into this critical precursor for bio-based plastics.