Design, Development, and Field Testing of a Scalable Nearshore Wave Energy Converter Optimized for Sri Lanka’s Shallow Sea Conditions

Driven by the global demand for clean energy, wave energy has gained attention for its high density and predictability. However, the technology remains underutilised, particularly in tropical, shallow coastal regions. This study outlines the development of a shallow-water wave energy converter (WEC) that captures both potential and kinetic energy via a surface-mounted buoy coupled to a dual-rack-and-pinion power take-off (PTO) mechanism. The initial prototype was validated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and subsequently field-tested off Galle (6.049714, 80.182934), Sri Lanka, in wave conditions approximating 0.5 m in height and a 6-8 s period. Based on observed performance, the second prototype was enhanced with improved buoyancy, structural modifications, and real-time monitoring. Field testing demonstrated a power output of approximately 20 W, peaking at over 60 W, thereby proving the technological feasibility of decentralised nearshore energy applications. The next step will be the research on scaling performance and long-term reliability in various sea-state conditions.