Lifestyle and family factors associated with childhood overweight: evidence from a case-control study in Indonesian schoolchildren

Background: Childhood obesity is a growing health concern that increases the risk of cardiometabolic disorders. This study investigated family and lifestyle factors that contribute to overweight in schoolchildren. Methods: This case-control study of 1,016 children (6-12 years) in Palembang was conducted using questionnaires and anthropometry. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between selected variables and overweight, reported using adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Frequent consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods, such as noodles or pasta, was associated with a higher risk of overweight (AOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.11-2.78; P=0.014). Limited protein 1 time per a day (AOR, 3.30; 95% CI, 2.00-5.43; P