Association between Serum Vitamin D3 Levels, Glycemic Control, and Sarcopenia in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Observational Study

BACKGROUND: In the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Vitamin D deficiency has garnered increasing attention due to its proposed involvement in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, sarcopenia, defined as age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, is another major health concern in the aging population, often leading to frailty, disability, and increased morbidity. METHODS: A retrospective observational case-control study was conducted at Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Pune, including 180 participants (90 T2DM cases and 90 age- and gender-matched controls), aged ≥60 years. Vitamin D3 levels, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index, and sarcopenia (assessed by the SARC-F questionnaire) were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive and inferential statistics ( t -tests, Chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation) were applied. P