Impact of myopia and myopia control interventions on binocular vision: A narrative review

Myopia is the fastest-growing, chronic eye condition that covers 30% of the population worldwide and is estimated to be around 50% of the global population (5 billion people) by 2050. Since there is an association between myopia onset and binocular vision disorder, this narrative review aims to establish a relation between the accommodative demand and binocular functions among patients using myopia control strategies. The identified articles follow different methodologies and various myopia control interventions. The literature search includes keywords using Boolean operators on the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The study populations include both children and adults. No date and language restrictions were applied. It was found that all the interventions used for myopia control affect accommodation and binocular vision. Though orthokeratology helps to neutralize the myopia-induced binocular imbalance, atropine has a negligible impact. Similarly, aspherical lenslets significantly affect accommodative microfluctuations, and Defocus incorporated multiple segments lenses show similar responses as single-vision lenses. In addition, encouraging outdoor activities and minimizing continuous near work by incorporating frequent breaks are proven effective strategies to delay myopia, while also having no adverse impact on binocular vision anomalies. Since binocular vision is already impaired before and during the onset of myopia, practitioners should also consider the accommodation and binocular abnormalities brought on by various modalities used to delay the growth of myopia.