Traumatic Brain Injury – Prevalence, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Neuroendocrine Dysfunction: A Narrative Review

Abstract Neuroendocrine dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a crucial condition that warrants a thorough work-up and treatment. Post-traumatic hypopituitarism is common among survivors of moderate-to-severe TBI, with symptoms evolving over time. Although the exact causes are unclear, studies vary in their findings on the frequency and timing of hypopituitarism after TBI, emphasising the need for consistent monitoring. Early detection and hormone replacement therapy are critical to prevent long-term neurological issues associated with pituitary dysfunction post-TBI. Therefore, the management of post-TBI hypopituitarism requires a multidisciplinary approach involving neurologists, endocrinologists, rehabilitation specialists and primary care providers to ensure comprehensive care. This review examines current evidence on pituitary dysfunction post-TBI and screening recommendations and identifies areas needing further research.