The Emerging Reality: A Narrative Review of Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality in Modern Spine Surgery

Abstract Extended reality, which includes virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), is slowly finding a place in spine surgery. The field of spine surgery often demands high accuracy, and these tools may offer some support. This article looks at how these technological advances are enhancing spine care. Patient-specific VR models may allow surgeons to rehearse before an operation. This type of rehearsal can help them feel more prepared. Some reports suggest that this approach may improve pedicle screw placement. It can also make the procedure feel more efficient for the surgical team. During surgery, AR and MR can be used as guidance tools. These systems may act as advanced navigation aids by incorporating 3D anatomical data into the surgical field. Several studies have suggested high levels of accuracy with their use. However, results can vary between settings. Beyond the operating room, these models can play a role in education. They may offer realistic simulations for training. This approach can be scaled for larger groups of learners. Some clinicians feel it can also help patients understand procedures better during the consent process.