Effect of traffic congestion on mental health in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Background: Traffic congestion is a growing concern in urban environments, often linked to adverse mental health outcomes. In Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, frequent congestion may significantly impact commuters' psychological well-being. This study aims to assess the association between traffic congestion and mental health, including the influence of demographic factors and coping behaviors among adult commuters. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a validated, self-administered online questionnaire. A total of 548 participants responded. Data were analyzed using SPSS to identify key associations between traffic congestion and mental health indicators. Results: Among respondents, 58.6% were male and 64.6% aged 18-25 years. Despite regular exposure to traffic congestion, 39.1% reported high psychological well-being, while 15.3% reported low levels. Low well-being was significantly associated with longer commute times, perceived mental health impact of traffic, stress or anxiety related to rush-hour travel, altered social interactions, job burnout, decreased social engagement, and intentions to relocate or change jobs. Conclusion: Traffic congestion negatively affects mental health among Riyadh commuters, particularly through extended commute durations and stress-related symptoms. These findings highlight the need for urban planning and transportation policies that reduce congestion and enhance mental well-being across urban populations.