Demographic and conceptual disparities in systemic lupus erythematosus: A comparative analysis from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

A BSTRACT Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and may lead to serious complications if not detected and treated early. Raising public awareness about SLE is crucial for early diagnosis and management. This study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, awareness, and attitudes regarding SLE among the general population in the Riyadh region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among residents of the Riyadh region aged 18 years and older. Data were collected using an online validated questionnaire distributed via social media platforms. The questionnaire measured sociodemographic data, general knowledge about SLE, understanding of its causes, symptoms, complications, and treatment, as well as public attitudes. Descriptive analysis and Chi-square tests were used to determine associations between demographic variables and knowledge levels, using SPSS version 25. Results: A total of 646 participants completed the survey. Only 14.8% of respondents knew that SLE is an autoimmune disease, and 38.7% recognized that it can affect multiple organs. Furthermore, only 33.9% were aware of its potentially life-threatening complications. Significant associations were found between awareness levels and age group ( P = 0.000), gender ( P = 0.002), and educational level ( P = 0.000). The majority (71.3%) expressed a desire to learn more about SLE, and 77.2% agreed that public health campaigns are needed to improve awareness. Conclusions: This study revealed a significant lack of knowledge and awareness of SLE in the Riyadh region. The findings emphasize the need for targeted educational campaigns and public health efforts to improve early recognition and management of SLE, thereby reducing disease-related complications.