Psychometric properties of the thyroid-specific quality of life questionnaire ThyPRO-39 in patients with hypothyroidism

A BSTRACT Background: Effective diabetes management relies on education and self-management. Diabetes selfmanagement education and support (DSMES) facilitates necessary knowledge and skills, incorporating patient needs and evidence-based standards to improve outcomes. However, adherence to selfmanagement is challenging due to insufficient education. This study assessed self-care management, a standard of care for DM patients in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: This cross-sectional study assessed self-care practices among diabetic patients at a tertiary center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Data were gathered through an online survey conducted from December 2023 to April 2024. Participants included individuals aged 18 and older with diabetes from King Abdulaziz University Hospital. Healthcare workers and non-diabetic patients were excluded. The survey collected information on demographics, disease duration, medications, adherence, complications, knowledge, and education related to diabetes management. It utilized a revised version of the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire to explore self-care activities in diabetes management. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26, applying Chi-squared for qualitative variables, Mann-Whitney U for quantitative non-parametric variables, and Spearman’s for correlation, with P