Assessment of Salivary Osteocalcin Level Among Smokers and Non-Smokers Undergoing Dental Implants: An Observational Study

Background: To evaluate and compare salivary osteocalcin concentrations in individuals with dental implants, stratified according to smoking status. Materials and Methods: In total, 100 participants were recruited, comprising 50 smokers and 50 non-smokers. All the patients underwent dental implant therapy. Collection of salivary samples was done and analyzed for osteocalcin levels. The data obtained were systematically tabulated, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: Group I (non-smokers) consisted of 50 individuals, while Group II (smokers) also comprised 50 individuals. The mean salivary osteocalcin concentration was 2.58 ng/mL in the non-smoker group and 1.69 ng/mL in the smoker group, indicating a substantial reduction among smokers. Conclusion: Patients rehabilitated with dental implants who reported tobacco use exhibited diminished salivary osteocalcin concentrations when compared with their non-smoking counterparts, suggesting an adverse influence of smoking on peri-implant bone metabolic activity.