Lassa Hemorrhagic Fever – History, Emergence, Epidemiological Profile: Implications for Public Health Surveillance and Sustainable Mitigation Strategies

Abstract Background: Lassa fever has a serious negative socioeconomic impact worldwide. Therefore, a systematic review was undertaken to investigate the historical context, emergence, and epidemiological profile to establish suitable periodic surveillance and sustainable mitigation strategies. Materials and Methods: Premier academic research databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, were thoroughly searched to identify pertinent research publications. Results: The primary modes of transmission for the Lassa virus are (1) ingestion or inhalation, and (2) human-to-human contact. Almost 80% of cases are subclinical, and 20% of cases result in multi-organ failure and death. The following concomitant risk factors have been identified for the emergence of epidemics: fragile healthcare infrastructure, global warming, land-use patterns, heavy rainfall, inadequate healthcare resources, shortage of personal protective equipment, and negligence. Conclusions: Multi-sectoral approaches are the cornerstone for combating outbreaks. It also entails the use of potent molecular technologies/tools to devise (a) novel diagnostic tools, (b) potent therapeutic agents, and (c) vaccines. In addition, the ever-dynamic infectious disease landscape demands reliable and effective tools to ensure epidemic preparedness and periodic surveillance. It could pave the way for building a safer, stronger, and healthier world in the future.