Serum malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein level is a risk factor for peripheral artery disease in patients with stage 3 to 5 chronic kidney disease

A BSTRACT Objectives: Serum malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) is a biomarker of oxidative burden and lipid peroxidation that contributes to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), both traditional and nontraditional factors increase the risk of vascular calcification and peripheral artery disease (PAD). This cross-sectional study explored the link between serum MDA-LDL and PAD in CKD stages 3–5 patients not receiving dialysis. Materials and Methods: Fasting blood specimens and baseline clinical characteristics were collected from CKD stages 3 to 5 patients not receiving dialysis. PAD was diagnosed using ankle–brachial index (ABI), and those with ABI