Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Contact and Atopic Dermatitis: A Comparative Review

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, consists of 5 distinct layers, with the stratum corneum (SC) serving as the primary barrier. Disruption of skin barrier leads to inflammatory skin conditions, including irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), and atopic dermatitis (AD). ICD arises from direct damage to the SC by irritants, while ACD is mediated by a type IV hypersensitivity. AD is characterized by chronic inflammation and genetic defects that compromise barrier integrity. Accordingly, strategies aimed at barrier restoration, such as the use of ceramide-based moisturizers, are key therapeutic approaches. Recent guidelines emphasize the importance of barrier-enhancing interventions, yet compliance remains a challenge in occupational settings. This review explores the implications of skin barrier dysfunction in contact dermatitis and AD, highlighting emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring barrier function and reducing disease burden.