Mechanisms and Frontiers of Treatment for Diabetes-Related Epilepsy

Diabetes is a clinically common metabolic disease characterized primarily by a long-term state of high blood sugar. It not only leads to multi-organ dysfunction throughout the body but also significantly increases the risk of secondary epilepsy. However, there are still controversies and deficiencies regarding the various mechanisms of occurrence and clinical treatment methods for diabetes-related secondary epilepsy. This article systematically reviews the pathogenesis between diabetes and secondary epilepsy, including neurotransmitter imbalance, metabolic disorders, cerebrovascular lesions, and energy deficiency. Current pharmacological treatment methods are discussed, highlighting the neuroprotective potential of antidiabetic drugs and the safety of new antiepileptic drugs. In addition, emerging non-pharmacological intervention methods, such as neuromodulation and gene therapy, are also discussed, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and new ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment, and to promote further optimization of clinical treatment strategies.