Progress and Challenges in the Study of Breast Micropapillary Carcinoma: From Pathological Features to Clinical Management

Breast micropapillary carcinoma (MPC) is a distinct subtype of breast cancer defined by unique histological morphology and aggressive biological behavior. It is characterized by tumor cell clusters forming micropapillary or grape-like structures without a fibrous vascular core, accompanied by frequent lymphovascular invasion, high rates of lymph node metastasis, and relatively poor prognosis. This narrative review summarizes the pathological diagnostic criteria, molecular biological characteristics, imaging features, clinical prognostic factors, and current treatment strategies and controversies of MPC. With the development of precision medicine, further elucidation of its molecular mechanisms is crucial to formulate individualized treatment regimens and improve patient survival.