Diagnosis and Multimodal Therapy of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. As the most common histological subtype of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can be managed through multiple strategies including surgical resection, radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and molecular targeted therapy. Despite surgery with curative intent, a considerable number of patients eventually develop distant metastasis or local tumor recurrence. In recent years, significant progress has been made in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for NSCLC. Clinical management strategies should be individualized according to the patient’s baseline health status and specific disease characteristics. According to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification guidelines, accurate histological and molecular stratification of NSCLC is clinically important. A standardized diagnostic workflow integrating imaging, tissue acquisition, and biomarker detection is crucial for guiding initial treatment decisions, and comprehensive management of treatment resistance requires combined tissue and liquid biopsy testing to guide subsequent treatment selection.